Second Passport and Military Conscription: Myths and Reality

In 2025, global mobility has reached unprecedented heights. Obtaining a second passport – whether through investment, naturalization, or other means – has become a common tool for ensuring security, freedom of movement, and new opportunities. However, against the backdrop of ongoing military obligations in a number of countries, as well as a complex international situation, a logical question arises for many: how does having a second citizenship affect obligations to one's homeland regarding military service? The topic is shrouded in numerous rumors and misconceptions. It's time to separate myths from reality and understand how this issue is actually regulated.

How is military service regulated in different countries?

Approaches to military service vary drastically around the world. In countries such as Switzerland, Austria, Finland, Singapore, or South Korea, compulsory military service remains for certain categories of citizens (often men). In other states, for example, Germany, Sweden, France, or Spain, the conscription system has been abolished, and the army is staffed on a professional, contractual basis. Some countries, like Turkey or Greece, have a mixed system with reduced terms of compulsory service and a strong contractual component. It is important to note that legislation is constantly changing: in 2025, a number of Eastern European countries continue to discuss reforms aimed at optimizing or reducing service terms.

Cases of dual citizenship and military conscription

The situation for holders of two passports can be complex and depends on the legislation of both states. There is no universal rule.

• Priority of residence and actual location: Often the key factor is the place of permanent residence and the individual's physical location. The country where the citizen permanently resides usually has the primary right to demand the fulfillment of military service obligations. For example, a citizen of Russia permanently living in Portugal (where there is no conscription) is unlikely to be conscripted in the Russian Federation if they do not return for a long period. However, legally, their obligation to the Russian Federation remains.
• Priority of the country of origin (first citizenship): Some countries, especially those with a preserved conscription system (e.g., Russia, Ukraine, Belarus), consider their citizens obligated to serve regardless of having a second passport. For them, the fact of obtaining another citizenship in itself does not remove the military service obligation. Evading service can lead to criminal liability upon return.
• Priority of the second citizenship country: Less commonly, there are situations where the country of second citizenship requires the fulfillment of military service from its new citizens, especially if they reside there. For example, Israel conscripts new repatriates under the Law of Return.
• Double Taxation Avoidance Agreements ≠ Military Service Agreements: It is important to understand that agreements between countries on the avoidance of double taxation do NOT regulate issues of military service. Special international treaties that completely remove service obligations for dual citizens are extremely rare.

Myths vs Reality

Myth 1: A second passport automatically exempts from military service in the country of first citizenship.

In most cases (especially in CIS countries), this is NOT true. Having a second passport is a legal status, but it rarely, by itself, annuls constitutional duties to the first state, including military service.

Myth 2: If I live abroad, I cannot be conscripted.

Physical presence abroad is indeed the main factor for de facto avoidance of conscription. However, de jure the obligation often remains. Returning to the country, especially for a long period or upon reaching conscription age, can activate the conscription procedure. Countries may impose restrictions on those who have not served (e.g., on civil service, travel).

Myth 3: It's enough to simply deregister (de-register) in the country of origin.

Deregistration from the place of residence is NOT equivalent to removal from military registration and does not cancel citizenship or related obligations. It only records the fact of living outside the country. Military registration is often maintained separately.

Myth 4: The country of second citizenship will protect me from conscription in my homeland.

Diplomatic missions of the country of second citizenship generally do not interfere in matters of fulfilling military service obligations to another state of which the person is also a citizen. Their assistance is limited to consular protection within the framework of the laws of the host country.

Myth 5: If there is no army or conscription in the country of second citizenship, then the first country will leave me alone.

The absence of military service in one country does not affect its presence and regulation in the other country of citizenship. Obligations to each state are determined by its internal legislation.

Advice for holders of a second passport

Study the legislation of BOTH countries in detail:

• Clearly determine the status of military service (exists/does not exist, conscription/contract) in your country of first citizenship and in the country of second citizenship.
• Find out how each country treats its citizens living abroad. Look for official sources (laws, government decrees, websites of military commissariats/ministries of defense).

Clarify your military registration status in your country of origin:

• If you have left, find out how to properly deregister from military registration (if provided) or obtain a status that exempts/defers service for citizens permanently residing abroad (if such exists). This often requires a personal appearance or processing documents through the consulate.

Document the fact of permanent residence abroad:

• Keep on hand documents confirming your residence status (residence permit/permanent residence permit/proof of long-term residence), work, study, tax payments in the country of residence. This may be needed when dealing with the authorities of the country of origin.

Be cautious about returning:

• Before a planned trip to the country where you retain military service obligations, especially for a long period, check the current rules for citizens living abroad. Find out if you have reached conscription age or lost the right to deferment.

Consult with specialized lawyers:

• In complex or ambiguous situations (especially if you plan to return or do business in your country of origin), consulting a lawyer specializing in the migration and military law of the specific country is critical. They will provide up-to-date advice based on your personal situation and the latest changes in legislation (especially relevant in 2025).

Conclusion

Having a second passport is a powerful tool, but it is not a "magic wand" that automatically removes all obligations to the homeland, including military service. The reality is that military service obligations with dual citizenship are regulated by a complex interplay of the legislations of two states and often depend on the factor of permanent residence. The main thing is not to rely on myths, but to act based on accurate information, thorough study of the laws, and, if necessary, professional legal advice. A responsible approach to this issue is the key to peace of mind and the absence of unpleasant surprises in the future.